What Is Role Of Ministry Of Finance Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1311 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Answer: The Role of ministry of finance is to prepare the yearly government budget, in coordination with the other ministries and public enterprises. Thus the main motive is to collect money in form of tax from the people and then spend it again back on people. This is a kind of process where money is collected from rich and spent on the general public. While the tax money is collected in the government treasury they are mostly spent on public welfare projects, defense, paying income to the government officials. Thus the role of Ministry of Finance is to back the government and its local bodies with finance related requirements meant to fulfill the public services and welfare projects. Therefore the main purpose is to implement such policies and implement such regulations as to fulfill the monetary related requirements of the government. Not only that the Ministry also takes care of its International deals and debts which are made for the security and developme nt of the country. How does the Ministry interact with other governmental entities? Answer : The ministry interacts with other government entities in written documents consisting of orders, request and appointments that are bound to be taken. An operation coordination unit is also kept in the Ministry so as to channelize the easy flow of information within the ministry to the concerned departments.There is a hierarchy like situation where in the concerned secretaries of the Ministry takes orders and respond from their respective departments. This hierarchy is classified as follows. Level I. Ministry of finance Level II. This level includes the Secretaries of different departments. These includes Public revenue, financial affairs, economic affairs, resource and info, Audit and follow up director, Legal affair s office, Quality management secretary, and Operations coordination unit Level III. The Secretaries have their respective departments consisting of corporate tax directorate, value added Tax directorate, budget directorate, treasury directorate, financial system directorate, project directorate etc. Which departments are dealing with government entities? There a number of departments that are dealing with the government entities. These include the followings departments. The Budget Directorate Economics study and research directorate Financial system development directorate The Project directorate Treasury directorate External Economic relations directorate Human and Financial resource directorate Privatization and Outsourcing directorate The role of each department dealing with government entity? Answer: The role of each department dealing with the government entity is a follows. The Budget Directorate who deals with the fixing budget amount that is required to be collected from the people in form of taxes to finance the government projects meant for public welfare and growth. Economics study and re search director works evaluation of the economic conditions of the country in comparison with the other countries. This way this department suggests the government to take appropriate actions in certain fields in the form of investment to keep the pace of growth. Financial system development director helps in directing the methods of taxing and fixing the percentage of taxes that should be levied. The Project directorate is entitled with the job of fixing the amount required for financing a project. Therefore he has to work as facilitator to finance and control the project cost until it is completed. Treasury directorate takes full care and record of the money being collected from the taxes. The movement of money occurs with proper instructions from the government head office. External Economic relations director helps in directing the government regarding the finance required to continue the projects with participation of other country. Human and Financial resource d irector helps the Ministry to decide on how much to spend on the Human Resource of the country and what are the requirements of the Human resource so as to make it competitive and capable enough to meet the International requirements. Privatization and Outsourcing director suggests the government to take appropriate actions which could help in the movement towards privatization through which the state is going to take out its finance and allow the private companies to take the public companies ahead. Also outsourcing helps the Ministry to complete its project by hiring people from other countries where the labor is cheaper. Foreign Economic Relations Directorate (FERD) is entitled with responsibilities related to various matters. Moreover the all competent authorizes matter including the matters related to the followings. Exchange of information (EOI), Certificate of residence (COR) and Mutual agreement procedures (MAP). What is the accounting system used by govern ment entities? Answer: The government entities use the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development or the OECD manual for the implementation of Exchange of Information provisions of tax purposes. Thus itacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s an FERDacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approved format where in all the departments of the government has to follows the same principles and report their financial statements. Thus the OECD manual helps in the implementation of the exchange of information provisions for tax purpose. What is the standard finance manual? Answer: The Standard finance manual sets the financial and accounting policies and procedures which are related to the finance. Thus these manual helps in controlling and recording of various assets, liabilities and other fund properties. Along with that the manual helps in fulfilling the commitments of the government of the Kingdom of Bahrain. The manual is often revised and features are added as per the demand of time. Thus amendment s are often seen in this manuals. Why is it published? Answer: The Standard finance manual are published with a view to meet the following requirements. To pen down the properties, funds and other assets in the Kingdom of Bahrain so as to save it from any fraud, negligence or becoming part of any dispute. To record all such transactions in the government records so that tax collection later on can be facilitated. To bring all the transactions at a certain level where they become generally acceptable and meet the International requirements regarding its reporting and method of recording. To keep the records clear and easily understandable. To bring a high level of consistency of accounting treatment through the available records helping in the decision making process of the government and its related departments. To keep a record of earnings and expenditures of the public fund collected through taxes. To figure out the requirements and obligations that are being a matter of concern. To make a financial policy which deal with the requirements of finance in the next financial year. Whoacirc;â‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsible to publish standard finance manual? Answer: The Ministry of Finance is responsible for publishing the finance manual. Actually through this publications only the financial needs and requirements, the financial transactions of different departments and all other matter related to financial reporting is controlled by the Ministry of Finance. Thus Standard finance manual acts as not only administrator but also controller of following the accounting process of recording, analyzing and reporting the financial statements as per the International methods. Conclusion. In the end, we can say that the Ministry of Finance is entitled with the responsibility of taking care of all the things related to finance. Later on it issues standard finance manual so as to prefix a certain method of reporting the financial state ment by different departments so that its easier to understand by everyone and follows the generally acceptable rules being administered by the International community related to reporting of financial statements. Reflection and impression of the subject. The reflection and impression of the subject from the above we can evaluate the various benefits of reporting the financial transactions by government institution and in this case Ministry of finance and its various departments. These are as follows. A common framework to enable review, analysis and interpretation of financial information across entities, countries and regions Transparent, timely, reliable financial information to the general public creating confidence in the government. Access to efficiently priced capital is key to economic growth Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is Role Of Ministry Of Finance Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

How Is Dramatic Tension Created in the Trial Scene of the...

How does Shakespeare create dramatic interest for the audience in the trial scene, Act 4 scene 1 in ‘The Merchant of Venice? In the trial scene (act 4 scene 1), Shakespeare uses many different dramatic techniques to make the tension in the court room rise and build. He also uses dramatic irony and many other techniques to engage an audience in this particular scene in the play. These techniques would work have worked on an Elizabethan audience or a modern day audience. Although, these two eras do not share the same views on some of the things Shakespeare wrote about, the same mood and ideas are given across through Shakespeares use of dramatic techniques. The previous knowledge which the audience holds about the previous acts and†¦show more content†¦The audiences tension and general interest in the scene would have built up because they are now beginning to understand just how much Shylock wants Antonios flesh. The idea of him being determined to receive the pound of flesh is repeated over and over so that the audience understands Shylocks stubbornness and his determination. The dramatic tension continues building when Portia or ‘Balthazar enters the court. Balthazar is the doctor who can save Antonio from Shylocks bond. The tension rises as the audience wonder if she will be recognised by her husband, Bassanio. Because Venice is a male dominated society, Portia and Nerissa had to dress as males to enter and to be accepted into the society. In order to leave Venice, Jessica (Shylocks daughter) also had to dress as a male. This shows that women are not accepted into the society and to gain any respect around the men, they too have to become males. This is interesting and creates dramatic interest in the scene because it would be interesting for the audience to see if Portia can save Antonios life and outsmart Shylock at the same time. The audience will be interested in the scene because they will wonder if the women will get away with tricking their husbands and if Antonio or Gratiano realise that they are in fact their wives. Portia holds some of the qualities of a man (quick thinking, intelligence and wit), and this is interesting to the audience as they can see her act as a manShow MoreRelatedThe Trial Scene in The Merchant of Venice Essay1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe Trial Scene in The Merchant of Venice Written between 1596 and 1598 The Merchant of Venice is not one of the most performed plays written by William Shakespeare. The play is classed as one of the sixteen comedy plays and most productions often use modern times and dress. It was performed in front of an audience who were not very well educated but the issues being raised in the play would have been understood. A modern day audience would be less sympathetic thanRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare Essay examples2198 Words   |  9 PagesThe Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare was written between 1594-1596.It is classified as a comedy; it is also a work of good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved. In the play Shakespeare has woven together plots from different books. Shakespeare gets the bond storyRead MoreShylock as the Villain in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1948 Words   |  8 PagesShylock as the Villain in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeare wrote The Merchant of Venice in about 1597. It was first performed by The Chamberlains Men at the Theatre Shoreditch. The Merchant of Venice was in the repertory of Shakespeares company before they took up residence at the Globe in 1599. 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In the following scene, a wounded sergeant reports to King Duncan of Scotland that his generals—Macbeth, who is the Thane of Glamis, and Banquo—have just defeated the allied forces of Norway and Ireland, who were led by the traitorous Macdonwald and the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth, the King s kinsman, is praised for his bravery and fighting prowess. In the following scene, Macbeth and Banquo discuss the weather and their victory. As they wanderRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesfluent in Spanish and read books by Spanish authors. To escape total dependence on his father, he began teaching English to home-schooled children of well-to-do Mexicans. He taught English at a private girls school and also at a business college. Tension between Langston and his father eased somewhat until the two of them journeyed by horseback to Jims ranch. As they rode along, Jim revealed his plan to send Langston to a university in Europe where he could study mining engineering and return to

Winterkill Free Essays

Wintertime In wintertime the story starts of depressing and explaining how the narrator and Harley Reeves have both been laid off from their jobs. Then he goes to the bar and notices a girl who is there and his friend Troy Just has to pick up on her and uses a corny pickup line. Troy Is In a wheel chair due too smoke Jumper’s Injury, The lady at the bar was named Nolan. We will write a custom essay sample on Winterkill or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the conversation carried on and got a little more personal troy invited Nolan to go fishing with him and his friend. Nolan agreed to go fishing and then get dinner. They made their way out to the river and Less and Nolan began to talk about how cold It was and that led to Nolan telling him to warm her up. Just before they were going to warm each other up they heard a weird noise and It was Troy struggling while fishing for some reason. It turns out that troy has snagged a big fish and the tension slowly pulled him out of the chair and he was slowly being dragged on his chest down by the water. Troy was saying that he caught the big one and he needed help. Troy pleaded with Less to help him catch the fish because he did not want to let it go. So Troy and Less struggled and pulled on the line as hard as they could for what seemed like minutes and they could not get it to budge. Less kept going farther out In the water until he got to where the line was snagged and he realized that It wasn’t even a fish and Troy had gotten his line caught on a dead deer. This did not make Troy happy at all because he always thought fishing was his thing and he just got tricked by a dead animal that shouldn’t have even been in the water. They all ended up going inside and having the chicken with wine and talked on throughout the night. Snagging the deer was a confidence killer for Troy. After that he watched Harley Reeves and his mother dance to end the night, he enjoyed seeing her happy. â€Å"And I thought about the matter of trust. That I would always lie if it would save someone an unhappiness. That was easy. And that I would rather a person mistrust me than dislike me†¦ † (pig. 169) I could relate to this quote because I understood what It meant. But I did not agree with it. Retry much this salsa that they would rather beat around the bush and lie instead of be straight up with a person and just tell hem the truth no matter what it is or what affect it will have on the person. I believe in being very blunt with people and It can never turn into a negative thing if you are honest Instead of passive and always trying to say the next thing to please someone. Movie Essay The first time I saw Friday Night Lights, I was impressed by the movie and also as a fellow athlete that was playing football at the time. Friday Night Lights is a movie that takes place in Texas at a high school called Permian in Odessa, Texas and it was indented to show the true intensity and stress of being a Texas high school football player and the pressure that is on them to succeed and not only win the state title but to earn a scholarship to play at a division 1 athlete. Instantly I understood and respected the passion that was portrayed by the actors. Not only was It socially correct, the director did not skip out on showing the work that goes in before the 1 OFF field. I appreciated the detail and excitement that was created during their Journey to the state championship and everything that happens in-between. A lot of people have said that Friday Night Lights is an extreme portrayal of a sports movie. As an athlete that has played multiple sports for 10+ years it could not be more accurate. The intensity and seriousness of high school football in Odessa Texas was a well kept secret to the majority of the public and this movie shed light on a lifestyle that most high school kids never knew existed. This movie shows the true passion of anyone who loves a sport and is willing to go through anything or anyone and sacrifice their body to achieve their ultimate goal and that is to win a championship. I think this is a movie that every athlete should watch no matter what their sport is because it portrays athletes that have heart, drive, commitment and a never ending passion for the sport that they love. This movie took place in the late ass and speaking from a sports point of view not much has changed. The main character of the movie is the star running back Booby Miles. He is a god gifted athlete who has an ego as big as his linemen. Throughout the Movie Booby’s cockiness grows but with good reason because he has earned himself the title of the umber one running back in the state and is the motor that pushes his team’s offense into the end zone every game. The only down fall for Booby Miles and the Permian Panthers is that they are severely undersized but are gifted with speed. I understood how this would affect the movie and the team because any athlete’s goal while playing the sport is to become as big and strong as possible and sometimes it is a lot easier said than done but it is something you constantly work at and stress about. The social life of the teenagers in the movie was not shied away from. The Director wanted to give the viewer the full picture. Many times throughout this movie there will be scenes where these high school athletes are being confronted by people in the community asking for their autographs and being told that they are their wives favorite players. A lot of pressure is put on these young kids by the community while out in public and they are reminded all the time that the season will be a waste if they do not win the state championship and they are constantly reminded that they are severely undersized compared to the boys on the there side of Texas. I never experienced pressure this big from the community but I can relate because it seemed like every time I would have my baseball gear on from my high school or some football apparel I was always asked the same tired question â€Å"you guys going to get it done this year† or â€Å"those are some big boys with Del scholarships you think you can hang† these questions always added fuel to my fire that I kept deep down in my stomach because we were always portrayed as an underdog like Permian no matter how much we won. I did not mind that role but sometimes I think there was some recognition that was deserved but never received. Friday Night Lights was a great portrayal of how much an athlete will sacrifice Just to win a championship. Friday Night Lights showed the true hard work and dedication that it takes to be one of the best teams. When Booby Miles gets injured and cannot play for the rest of the season it made me realize that you should never take a play or game for granted because all it takes is 1 play for your whole career to be ended and oh can lose everything you have worked for your whole life. The roller coaster story I never thought of it as unrealistic one time during the move and that is rare because a lot of sports movies are predictable and not realistic portrayals of an athlete’s life. My whole life has consisted of playing sports and being an athlete and there are a lot of misconceptions and thoughts that every athlete’s talent is god given. That is why Friday Night Lights is such a good movie to get the true perspective because it is based on a true story and actual events. Nothing is sugar coated nor is it over traumatized. Friday Night Lights does not have that story book ending where the underdog team puts in all the hard work and beats the best team. In the movie the Permian Panthers lose in the state championship. This was the most realistic part of the movie because it doesn’t always end with you on top no matter how much work and heart you put into things. Minus the depressing ending Friday Night Lights is a attention grabbing story that will keep you guessing all the way until the end. How to cite Winterkill, Papers

The Purpose Of Human Life Essay Research free essay sample

The Purpose Of Human Life Essay, Research Paper The intent of human life is an unanswerable inquiry. It seems impossible to happen an reply because we don # 8217 ; T know where to get down looking or whom to inquire. Being, to us, seems to be something imposed upon us by an unknown force. There is no evident significance to it, and yet we suffer as a consequence of it. The universe seems utterly helter-skelter. We therefore attempts to impose intending on it through form and fabricated intents to deflect ourselves from the fact that our state of affairs is hopelessly unfathomable. # 8220 ; Waiting for Godot # 8221 ; is a drama that captures this feeling and position of the universe, and characterizes it with originals that symbolize humanity and its behavior when faced with this cognition. Harmonizing to the drama, a human being # 8217 ; s life is wholly dependent on opportunity, and, by extension, clip is meaningless ; hence, a human+s life is besides nonmeaningful, and the realisation of this thrusts worlds to trust on cloudy, outside forces, which may be existent or non, for order and way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose Of Human Life Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The basic premiss of the drama is that opportunity is the implicit in factor behind being. Therefore human life is determined by opportunity. This is established really early on, when Vladimir mentions the fable of the two stealers from the Bible. # 8220 ; One of the stealers was saved. It # 8217 ; s a sensible per centum # 8221 ; ( Beckett, 8 ) . The thought of # 8220 ; per centum # 8221 ; is of import because this represents how the destiny of humanity is determined ; it is random, and there is a per centum opportunity that a individual will be saved or damned. Vladimir continues by mentioning the disconcordance of the Gospels on the narrative of the two stealers. # 8220 ; And yet # 8230 ; how is it # 8211 ; this is non tiring you I hope how is it that of the four Evangelists merely one speaks of a stealer being saved. The four of them were at that place # 8211 ; or thereabouts # 8211 ; and merely one speaks of a stealer being saved # 8221 ; ( Beckett, 9 ) . Beckett makes an of import point with this illustration of how opportunity is woven into even the most sacred of texts that is supposed to keep ultimate truth for humanity. All four adherents of Chirst are supposed to hold been present during his crucifixion and witnessed the two stealers, crucified with Jesus, being saved or damned depending on their intervention of him in these concluding hours. Of the four, merely two study anything curious go oning with the stealers. Of the two that study it, merely one says that a stealer was saved while the other says that both were damned. Therefore, the per centums go from 100 % , to 50 % , to a 25 % opportunity for redemption. This whole affair of per centums symbolizes how opportunity is the finding factor of being, and Beckett used the Bible to turn out this because that is the text that humanity has looked to for intending for millenia. Even the Bible reduces human life to a affair of opportunity. On any given twenty-four hours there is a certain per centum opportunity that one will be saved as opposed to damned, and that individual is powerless to impact the determination. # 8220 ; The destiny of the stealers, one of whom was saved and the other damned harmonizing to the 1 of the four histories that everybody believes, beco Maines as the drama progresses a symbol of the status of adult male in an unpredictable and arbitrary existence # 8221 ; ( Webb, 32 ) . God, if he exists, contributes to the pandemonium by his silence. The really fact that God allows such an arbitrary system to go on makes him an confederate. The Gallic philosopher Pascal noted the flightiness of life and that the existence worked on the footing of per centums. He advocated utilizing such flightiness to one # 8217 ; s advantage, including believing in God because, if he doesn # 8217 ; t be, cipher would care in the terminal, but if he does, one was on the safe side all along, so one can # 8217 ; t lose. It is the same concluding that Vladimir uses in his comment quoted above, # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s a sensible percentage. # 8221 ; But it is God # 8217 ; s hush throughout all this that causes the existent hopelessness, and this is what makes # 8220 ; Waiting for Godot # 8221 ; a calamity amidst all the amusing actions of its characters: the soundless supplication to God for significance, for replies, which symbolizes the supplication of all humanity, and God # 8217 ; s silence in response. # 8220 ; The resort to clerking by the philosopher [ Pascal ] no less than the buffoonish hobo shows how incapacitated we are with regard to God+s silence # 8221 ; ( Astro, 121 ) . Either God does non be, or he does non care. Whichever is the instance, opportunity and arbitrariness determine human life in the absence of godly engagement. The universe of # 8220 ; Waiting for Godot # 8221 ; is one without any meaningful form, which symbolizes pandemonium as the ruling force in the universe. There is no orderly sequence of events. A tree which was bare one twenty-four hours is covered with leaves the following. The two hobos return to the same topographic point every twenty-four hours to wait for Godot. No 1 can retrieve precisely what happened the twenty-four hours before. Night falls immediately, and Godot neer comes. The full scene of the drama is meant to show that clip is based on opportunity, and therefore human life is based on opportunity. Time is meaningless as a direct consequence of opportunity being the underlying factor of being. Hence there is a cyclic, albeit indefinite, pattern to events in # 8220 ; Waiting for Godot. # 8221 ; Vladimir and Estragon return to the same topographic point each twenty-four hours to wait for Godot and see the same general events with fluctuations each clip. It is non known for how long in the yesteryear they have been making this, or for how long they will go on to make it, but since clip is meaningless in this drama, it is assumed that past, present, and future mean nil. Time, basically is a muss. # 8220 ; One of the apparently most stable of the forms that give form to see, and one of the most distressing to see crumble, is that of clip # 8221 ; ( Webb, 34-35 ) . The branchings of this on human being are symbolized by the difference between Pozzo and Lucky in Act I and in Act II. Because clip is based on opportunity and is hence nonmeaningful, human life is treated randomly and in an about ruthless mode, and is besides nonmeaningful. In Act I Pozzo is going to the market to sell Lucky, his slave. Pozzo is healthy as can be, and at that place seems to be nil incorrect. Lucky used to be such a pleasant slave to hold around, but he

Battle of Zama in the Punic Wars

Battle of Zama in the Punic Wars The Battle of Zama was the deciding engagement of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) between Carthage and Rome and was fought in late October 202 BC. After a string of early Carthaginian victories in Italy, the Second Punic War settled into a stalemate with Hannibals armies in Italy unable to deliver a deathblow again the Romans. Recovering from these setbacks, Roman forces achieved some success in Iberia before launching an invasion of North Africa. Led by Scipio Africanus, this army engaged a Carthaginian force led by Hannibal at Zama in 202 BC. In the resulting battle, Scipio defeated his famous foe and forced Carthage to sue for peace. Fast Facts: Battle of Zama Conflict: Second Punic War (218-201 BC)Dates: 202 BCArmies Commanders:CarthageHannibalapprox. 36,000 infantry4,000 cavalry80 elephantsRomeScipio Africanus29,000 infantry6,100 cavalryCasualties:Carthage: 20-25,000 killed, 8,500-20,000 capturedRome Allies: 4,000-5,000 Background With the beginning of the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal boldly crossed the Alps and attacked into Italy. Achieving victories at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), he swept aside armies led by  Tiberius Sempronius Longus and  Gaius Flaminius Nepos. In the wake of these triumphs, he marched south looting the country and attempting to force Romes allies to defect to Carthages side. Stunned and in crisis from these defeats, Rome appointed Fabius Maximus to deal with the Carthaginian threat.   Hannibal. Public Domain Avoiding battle with Hannibals army, Fabius raided the Carthaginian supply lines and practiced the form of attritional warfare that later bore his name. Rome soon proved unhappy with Fabius methods and he was replaced by the more aggressive  Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus. Moving to engage Hannibal, they were routed at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Following his victory, Hannibal spent the next several years attempting to build an alliance in Italy against Rome. As the war on the peninsula descended into a stalemate, Roman troops, led by Scipio Africanus, began having success in Iberia and captured large swaths of Carthaginian territory in the region. In 204 BC, after fourteen years of war, Roman troops landed in North Africa with the goal of directly attacking Carthage. Led by Scipio, they succeeded in defeating Carthaginian forces led by Hasdrubal Gisco and their Numidian allies commanded by Syphax at Utica and Great Plains (203 BC). With their situation precarious, the Carthaginian leadership sued for peace with Scipio. This offer was accepted by the Romans who offered moderate terms. While the treaty was being debated in Rome, those Carthaginians who favored continuing the war had Hannibal recalled from Italy. Scipio Africanus - detail of painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Scipio Africanus is shown releasing the nephew of the Prince of Nubia after he was captured by Roman soldiers. Walters Art Museum Carthage Resists During this same period, Carthaginian forces captured a Roman supply fleet in the Gulf of Tunes. This success, along with the return of Hannibal and his veterans from Italy, led to change of heart on the part of the Carthaginian senate. Emboldened, they elected to continue the conflict and Hannibal set about enlarging his army. Marching out with a total force of around 40,000 men and 80 elephants, Hannibal encountered Scipio near Zama Regia. Forming his men in three lines, Hannibal placed his mercenaries in first line, his new recruits and levies in the second, and his Italian veterans in the third. These men were supported by the elephants to the front and Numidian and Carthaginian cavalry on the flanks. Scipio's Plan To counter Hannibals army, Scipio deployed his 35,100 men in a similar formation consisting of three lines. The right wing was held by Numidian cavalry, led by Masinissa, while Laelius Roman horsemen were placed on the left flank. Aware that Hannibals elephants could be devastating on the attack, Scipio devised a new way to counter them. Though tough and strong, the elephants could not turn when they charged. Using this knowledge, he formed his infantry in separate units with gaps in between. These were filled with velites (light troops) which could move to allow the elephants to pass through. It was his goal to allow the elephants to charge through these gaps thus minimizing the damage they could inflict. Hannibal Defeated As anticipated, Hannibal opened the battle by ordering his elephants to charge the Roman lines. Moving forward, they were engaged by the Roman velites who drew them through the gaps in the Roman lines and out of the battle. In addition, Scipios cavalry blew large horns to frighten the elephants. With Hannibals elephants neutralized, he reorganized his infantry in a traditional formation and sent forward his cavalry. Attacking on both wings, the Roman and Numidian horsemen overwhelmed their opposition and pursued them from the field. Though displeased by his cavalrys departure, Scipio began advancing his infantry. This was met by an advance from Hannibal. While Hannibals mercenaries defeated the first Roman assaults, his men slowly began to be pushed back by Scipios troops. As the first line gave way, Hannibal would not allow it to pass back through the other lines. Instead, these men moved to the wings of the second line. Pressing forward, Hannibal struck with this force and a bloody fight ensued. Ultimately defeated, the Carthaginians fell back to the flanks of the third line. Extending his line to avoid being outflanked, Scipio pressed the attack against Hannibals best troops. With the battle surging back and forth, the Roman cavalry rallied and returned to the field. Charging the rear of Hannibals position, the cavalry caused his lines to break. Pinned between two forces, the Carthaginians were routed and driven from the field. Aftermath As with many battles in this period, exact casualties are not known. Some sources claim that Hannibals casualties numbered 20,000 killed and 20,000 taken prisoner, while the Romans lost around 2,500 killed and 4,000 wounded. Regardless of casualties, the defeat at Zama led to Carthage renewing its calls for peace. These were accepted by Rome, however the terms were harsher than those offered a year earlier. In addition to losing the majority of its empire, a substantial war indemnity was imposed and Carthage was effectively destroyed as a power.

Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia †His Life and Death

Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia – His Life and Death Although the confrontational style of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Gregory Nino Scalia  was widely regarded as being one of his less appealing qualities, it underscored his clear sense of right and wrong. Motivated by a strong moral compass, Scalia opposed judicial activism in all forms, favoring instead judicial restraint and a constructivist approach to the interpretation of the Constitution. Scalia stated on numerous occasions that the power of the Supreme Court is only as effective as the laws created by Congress. Scalias Early Life and Formative Years Scalia was born March 11, 1936, in Trenton, New Jersey. He was the only son of Eugene and Catherine Scalia. As a second generation American, he grew up with a strong Italian home  life and was raised Roman Catholic.   The family moved to Queens when Scalia was a child. He graduated first in his class from St. Francis Xavier, a military prep school in Manhattan. He also graduated first in his class from Georgetown University with a degree in history. He earned his law degree from Harvard Law School, where he also graduated at the top of his class. His Early Career Scalias first job out of Harvard was working in commercial law for the international firm of Jones Day. He remained there from 1961 until 1967. The lure of academia drew him to become a law professor at the University of Virginia from 1967 to 1971. He was appointed general counsel  of the Office of Telecommunications under the Nixon administration in 1971, then he spent two years as chairman of the U.S. Administration Conference. Scalia joined the Ford administration in 1974, where he worked as Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel. Academia Scalia left government service upon the election of Jimmy Carter. He returned to academia in 1977 and occupied a number of academic positions until 1982, including resident scholar for the conservative American Enterprise Institute and law professor at Georgetown University Law Center, the University of Chicago School of Law, and Stanford University. He also briefly served as chairman of the American Bar Associations section on administrative law and the Conference of Section Chairs. Scalias philosophy of judicial restraint began to gather momentum when Ronald Reagan appointed him to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1982.   Supreme Court Nomination When Chief Justice Warren Burger retired in 1986, President Reagan appointed Justice William Rehnquist to the top spot. Rehnquists appointment drew all the attention from Congress and the media, and even the Court. Many were pleased, but Democrats strongly opposed his appointment. Scalia was tapped by Reagan to fill the vacancy and he slipped through the confirmation process virtually unnoticed, floating by with a 98-0 vote. Senators Barry Goldwater and Jack Garn didnt cast votes. The vote was surprising because Scalia was far more conservative than any other Justice on the High Court at the time. Originalism Scalia was one of the most well-known Justices and was famous for his combative personality and his judicial philosophy of originalism – the idea that the Constitution should be interpreted in terms of what it meant to its original authors. He told CBS in 2008 that his interpretive philosophy is about determining what the words of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights meant to those who ratified them. Scalia maintained  that he was not a strict constructionist, however. I do not think the Constitution or any text should be interpreted either strictly or sloppily; it should be interpreted reasonably. Controversies Scalias sons, Eugene and John, worked for the firms that represented George W. Bush in the landmark case, Bush v. Gore, which determined the outcome of the 2000 presidential election. Scalia drew fire from liberals for refusing to recuse himself from the case. He was also asked but declined to recuse himself from the case of Hamden v. Rumsfeld  in 2006 because he had offered an opinion on an issue related to the case while it was still pending. Scalia had remarked that Guantanamo detainees dont have the right to be tried in federal courts.   Personal Life vs. Public Life After graduating from Georgetown University, Scalia spent a year in Europe as a student at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. He met Maureen McCarthy, a Radcliffe English student, at Cambridge. In 1960, they married in 1960 and had nine children. Scalia was fiercely protective of his familys privacy throughout his term on the High Court, but he began granting interviews in 2007 after years of refusing to do so. His sudden willingness to engage the media was due primarily to the fact that his children had all become full-grown adults. His Death   Scalia died on February 13, 2016, at a ranch resort in western Texas. He failed to appear for breakfast one morning and an employee of the ranch went to his room to check on him. Scalia was found in bed, deceased. He was known to have heart trouble, to suffer from diabetes, and he was overweight. His death was declared due to natural causes. But even this event was not without controversy when rumors began swirling that he had been murdered, particularly because an autopsy was never performed. This was at his familys behest, however  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ it had nothing to do with political intrigue.   His death incited an uproar as to which  president would have the right to appoint a replacement for him. President Obama was nearing the end of his second term in office. He nominated Judge Merrick Garland, but Senate Republicans blocked Garlands appointment. It ultimately fell to President Trump to replace Scalia. He nominated Neil Gorsuch very soon after taking office and his appointment was confirmed by the Senate on April 7, 2017, although Democrats attempted a filibuster to block it.

Accounts Manipulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Accounts Manipulation - Essay Example It is a rosier picture that what it actually is. Window-dressing is accomplished in general ways - by not making adequate provisions though prudence would require them for expenses and potential losses, by taking into account income even before its actual accrual, by playing around with inter-corporate adjustments etc."Security analysts earn their money basically in part, by advising investors of both private and institutional organizations on how to invest their funds. They may judge some companies to have good future prospects which are not fully reflected in the company's share price; therefore, their recommendation will be to buy the company's shares. Alternatively, they may judge other companies to have poor future prospects which are not reflected in their share prices; therefore, their recommendation will be to sell the company's shares. While security analysts carry out their own independent research into companies they can come to different conclusions about a company's futu re prospects. However, in most cases there tends to be a reasonable degree of consensus in these forecasts (simon, 1998)"."The primary purpose of financial statements is to show the underlying economic performance of a company. The balance sheet provides a snapshot of the assets, liabilities and capital of the business; and the income statement, or profit-and-loss account, shows the difference between total revenues and total expenses. The auditors analyze and assure that these present a fair view, acknowledging the subjective nature of some of the measures behind the accounts (Economist.com, 2002)". Financial statements are prepared for the purpose of presenting a periodical review or report on progress by management and deal with the status of investment in the new business and the results achieved during the period under review. They reflect a combination of recorded facts, accounting conventions and personal judgements, and the judgements and conventions applied affect them materially. The soundness of the judgement necessarily depends on the competence and integrity of those who make them and on their adherence to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Conventions. Since each use of accounts may have a different focus in viewing the financial statement, it is necessary that the accounting statements are not biased in favour of anyone interested group. It is therefore, necessary for an accountant to ensure that the accounts represent a "true and fair" picture of the affairs of business. It may be often difficult to draw a clear line between true and untrue, and fair and unfair accounts; yet if the accountant prepares the financial statements free from any bias in favour of any user group and remains faithful to his self - conscience, chances are that the accounts thus prepared will be true and fair. As accou7ntants are human and prone to errors there would be the probability that the accounts presented are indeed less than true and fair. A reader of accounts must therefore, develop sufficient capability to see through such accounts or read between the lines to offset the biased presentation of accounts. The case of WorldCom The concept of evolution of WorldCom as a company happened in the year 1983 in Mississippi. The person behind this evolution is Bill Fields. He named the company as Long Distance Discount Services (LDDS). After some years the company was renamed as WorldCom. Since then the company grew step by step and transformed itself as a giant in the telecommunication world. The company is famous for its acquisitions of a number of small companies. The company landed in stage where no further large scale acquisitions were allowed by the